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A second attack, this time at Festubert, was launched on 15 May. The battle started well but the momentum which allowed the British to make significant advances on the first day soon dissipated and after twelve days of fighting, which resulted in considerable losses, the offensive was called off.
A lesson was, nevertheless, drawn from these bloody failures: the success of any attack would be proportional to the extent of the preliminary shelling As a result, from then on offensives were fought over much larger fronts.
The attack on Fromelles on 19—20 July came up against some heavily fortified German lines equipped with big guns and machine-guns positioned in blockhouses. It was launched during the great British offensive on the Somme which had been raging for three weeks.
The preliminary shelling failed to destroy the concrete shelters of the Germans and this resulted in the Australian and British troops being cut down by machine-gun fire as soon as they entered no man's land. It was a costly failure. The limestone plateaux of Lorette and Vimy constituted a considerable military barrier on the east-facing part of the front between Ypres and Arras. Conditions on the damp, argillaceous plains of Flanders contrasted greatly with the dry chalky ground of Gohelle and Artois.
In October the Germans occupied Lens and the heights which dominate the coal basin and the high ground between Arras and Cambrai; but they were unable to take Arras.
Subsequently, the town was exposed to German artillery fire for the remainder of the war. In December and in March and April , General Ferdinand Foch, commander of the armies stationed in the department of Nord, launched a series of attacks on a limited front with the aim of getting a foothold on Lorette Spur.
On the other side, the Germans had been working hard throughout the winter to establish a powerful network of trenches and dugouts on the spur. From then on the Allies had to contend with a continuous line of German defence. The fighting took place on the low ground which the Germans had succeeded in flooding to make the going heavy and slow for the assailants.
The gains were meagre, amounting at best to an average advance of three kilometres, but symbolically important thanks to the taking of Lorette Spur. Casualty numbers were enormous. The Battle of Loos in September and October was the result of French pressure on the British for another attack south of Ypres, despite the bloody failures of Aubers and Festubert.
A Third Battle of Artois was thus prepared, in coordination with a major French offensive in the region of Champagne. The French offensives in Champagne and Artois failed, resulting in huge numbers of casualties, however the Germans were forced off Lorette Spur and the French did manage to establish positions on the flanks of Vimy Ridge. An insufficient supply of shells prevented the British from carrying out adequate preliminary shelling for their operations on Gohelle Plain.
General Douglas Haig, commander of the British Forces, thought that the use of poison gas the Germans were the first to use the weapon, at Ypres on 22 April would compensate for the lack of classic artillery and so 5, cylinders of chlorine were taken to Loos. After five days of classic preliminary shelling the very first British gas attack was launched at 5. The results were mitigated because, in various places, a fickle wind blew the gas back towards the British soldiers who were only equipped with very rudimentary gas masks offering little protection.
The infantry went over the top forty minutes later. Despite breaking through the German front line the British failed to capitalize on their initial success due to poor coordination.
The Germans counter-attacked the next day. Ultimately the British attack failed, as did the French offensive further to the south, and their losses were enormous. In total, the British suffered 48, casualties, as many as the French had suffered at Vimy.
It also meets another stream, the Beaucamp, close to the church. The babbling of running water follows our footsteps. Being privately owned, it is closed to the public but it can be seen in all its splendour as part of an astonishing panorama. In fact, Pas-en-Artois emerges into sight from the top of the Saint-Pierre hill on the other side. The climb up through the wood is instructive. Here, bomb craters remind us that the village was targeted by bombing raids during the Second World War.
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